Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emission Assessment for Using Alternative Marine Fuels: A Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) Case Study

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set decarbonisation goals for the shipping industry. As a result, shipowners and operators are preparing to use low- or zero-carbon alternative fuels. greenhouse gas (GHG) emission performances fundamental choosing suitable marine However, current regulations adopt tank-to-wake (TTW) assessment methods that could misrepresent total climate impacts of To better understand well-to-wake (WTW) GHG performances, this work applied life cycle (LCA) method very large crude carrier (VLCC) sailing between Middle East China investigate emissions. using fuels, including liquified natural (LNG), methanol, ammonia, were evaluated compared with oil (MGO). bunkering site VLCC was in Zhoushan port, China. MGO LNG imported from overseas, while methanol ammonia produced Four production pathways three examined. results showed that, MGO, fossil energy-based no positive effect terms annual WTW reduction effects fuels ranking highest lowest full solar battery-based LNG. Because ammonia-fuelled engines have not been commercialised, laboratory data used evaluate nitrous oxide (N2O) potential can be exploited more effectively if N2O emitted is captured disposed through after-treatment technologies. This paper discussed scenarios abatement ratios 30%, 50%, 90%. resulting 90% performs than methanol. main innovation realising LCA deep-sea ship.